Stars in magnetic grand minima: where are they and what are they like?

Gigantic clusters: where are they and what are they doing

C lusters are like skyscrapers—mammoth structures towering above their smaller counterparts—except that skyscrapers have longer lives. The race to build ever bigger clusters is on, largely driven by emerging scientific and engineering applications. Several research efforts are underway at various universities and US research laboratories. In this article, I examine some of the largest clusters ...

Unicolonial ants: where do they come from, what are they and where are they going?

Unicolonial ant populations are the most extensive cooperative units known in nature, forming networks of interconnected nests extending sometimes hundreds of kilometers. Within such a supercolony, worker altruistic behavior might be maladaptive, because it seems to aid random members of the population instead of relatives. However, recent genetic and behavioral data show that, viewed on a suff...

Accountable Care Organizations: What are they? Where are they coming from? Where will they lead?

Bacterial EPIYA effectors – Where do they come from? What are they? Where are they going?

Recent studies have revealed a distinct class of bacterial effectors defined by the presence of EPIYA or EPIYA-related motif. These bacterial EPIYA effectors are delivered into host cells via type III or IV secretion, where they undergo tyrosine phosphorylation at the EPIYA motif and thereby manipulate host signalling by promiscuously interacting with multiple SH2 domain-containing proteins. Up...

Bayes Factors: What They Are and What They Are Not

Bayes factors have been ooered by Bayesians as alternatives to P-values (or significance probabilities) for testing hypotheses and for quantifying the degree to which observed data support or connict with a hypothesis. Schervish (1996) showed how the interpretation of P-values as measures of support suuers a certain logical aw. In this paper, we show how Bayes factors suuer that same aw. We inv...